Introduction

Dolley Madison (1768–1849), one of the most renowned American first ladies, was President James Madison’s wife. She was born in North Carolina and spent her life’s early years in Virginia in a very simple environment. In 1790, she married John Todd but he died only after three years due to the yellow fever epidemic. In 1794, Dolley married Madison and became the fourth first lady of the United States of America.  In the subsequent years, Dolley proved herself as a charming, tactful and graceful official White House hostess for both President Jefferson and President Madison. It won’t be incorrect to state that her guts, courageousness and the manner with which she conducted herself shaped the role of first lady in the Unites States of America forever.

Madison Decorate White House

When Madison took the office in 1809, Dolley took up her role as the first lady very seriously and concentrated on the decoration of the White House that was almost empty at that time. Due to her efforts, the fine art, libraries, an orphanage, and the Washington Monument building were promoted. Due to her sincere hard work, she soon gained fame and popularity all over the United States of America. A lot of people believe that the White House walls witnessed Dolley as the first person who dished up ice cream.

Dolley Epic Actions in 1812 War

However, Dolley is rather acknowledged for her gallant and epic actions in the 1812 war. One of her other greatest achievement was the promotion of both city and manor as national symbols of identity. Without a doubt, it was that period in which the people in America had started to identify with the city and the White House. Dolley’s hard work in this field became even more critical after the invasion of the capital and the White House in 1814. When Washington was attacked by the British armed forces in 1814, Dolley was present at the White House while President Madison had gone outside the city with his defense force, Before leaving the White House, Dolley was successful in gathering the government papers that were of vital importance. She also persisted to take a famous George Washington portrait along with all the other important things. The painting was then removed and was loaded in a wagon by her servants along with all the important papers she had already saved. Due to her witty nature and daunting attitude, everyone in the White House managed to escape before it was burnt down by the British.

Promotion of Bipartisanship

Dolley Madison was not only an enigmatic first lady but she also worked excellently for the promotion of bipartisanship and brought together various political leaders. Not only this, she managed to keep the country united in various ways and thus set a standard for the first ladies after her. She was well aware of her alluring personality and used it to socialize with leaders of political parties. By doing so, she was successful in bringing the enemies closer together as friends thus encouraging courteousness and a universal apparition of the developing nation.

As already mentioned, Dolley is widely admired as the decorator of the White House. If truth be told, she was in fact the restructurer of White House. In the previous times when she did not reside in White House, the city had not a single place where government officials or their families and the local community could get together. Before her, America demonstrated violent behavior politically and people used to fight even on Congress’ floors. However, Dolley’s drawing room proved to be that one place where both government officers and their families could meet. The vigilant eyes of Dolley made the influential people to learn mutually and work in unison by adopting bipartisan ways. As the political system in America did not have an official two-party system, the anticipated aim of Dolley’ to bring everyone into the room and making them learn to behave and intermingle as human beings was an imperative effort to make.

An Intelligent Woman

Dolley was an intelligent woman and availed every drawing room opportunity to use the social circles for doing realistic and politicking for James Madison. Her participation in every crucial matter of diplomatic relations proved really beneficial for as her frequent interventions broke the ice between her husband and a number of politicians and government officials. She was a witty lady who knew how to use words, food and her gracious nature to lessen the intensely hot debates and conversations. Dolley turned out to be one of the most important benefactors in the history of America by “giving many prominent men, such as Nicholas Trist, the diplomat, their start in government service, while creating ties between her family and other powerful political clans”. She had a really large network that crossed regions and parties.

End of Madison’s Second Term

Until the end of Madison’s second term in the office in 1817, James and Dolley Madison lived in Washington. They then chose Virginia as their home and lived there till 1836 (the year of Jame’s death). In 1837, Dolley returned to Washington and picked up where she left off as a well-liked hostess in the White House for President Jefferson. Her responsibilities included the entertainment and amusement of friends and government representatives.

Appealing Figure

Dolley was also successful in inventing a role for all the subsequent First Ladies. She modeled herself as the “appealing figure” for her husband’s government. The bureaucracy was absent and established constitution in the federal government was the sign that the people in America put great emphasis on leaders for assertion and encouragement. Following the Revolution, the Americans looked up to the personality and example of George Washington as their ultimate hero. Thus, this place was taken up by Dolley Madison during the controversial early state. Dolley was a celever lady in a positive manner and used personality to dominate people with her appearance and conduct. She was able to use her beautiful costumes, bountiful entertainments and sense of simplicity for transmitting messages of authority, firmness and encouragement to the people of the Western World. However, her good heart made people like and admire her as compared to her outer appearance. She had a special ability of making people feel exceptionally unique. Her sharp memory allowed her to never forget a name, face or an individual’s background. In short, such admirable qualities of compassion, tenderness and chivalrous concern are enough to reveal why she is still unforgettable, famous and well-recognized.

Conclusion

Dolley was indeed the first American “First Lady” who led the social scene in the American capital. She introduced an interestingly unique fashion of her own and played politics in the indirect way that wasn’t done before. She was a favorite among both domestic and international officials due to her admirable personality that knew how to win hearts. Her compassionate soul left her physical body in 1849 at the age of 81. Her funeral was attended by thousands and thousands of people who admired her and thus revealed her dignified status. Dolley had an exceptional ability of bringing people together. Therefore, it won’t be incorrect to say that she did the same at even at her final event on the Earth.

References

Allgor, C. “The Politics of Love.” Humanities 31 1 (2010): 14-53.

“Madison, Dolley from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed..” Questia. http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-MadisonD/madison-dolley (accessed September 9, 2013).

McDevitt, T. “Dolley Madison: The Problem of National Unity.” Library Journal 137 17, no. 82 (2012).

[1] The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (Columbia University Press, 2013), s.v. “Madison, Dolley,” http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-MadisonD.

[2] T McDevitt, “Dolley Madison: The Problem of National Unity,” Library Journal 137, 17, no. 82 (2012).

[3] T McDevitt, “Dolley Madison: The Problem of National Unity,” Library Journal 137, 17, no. 82 (2012).

[4] C Allgor, “The Politics of Love,” Humanities 31, 1 (2010): 14-53.

[5] C Allgor, “The Politics of Love,” Humanities 31, 1 (2010): 14-53.

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April 9, 2021 – Prince Philip, Queen Elizabeth II’s husband, has died aged 99, Buckingham Palace has announced.

A statement issued by the palace just after midday spoke of the Queen’s “deep sorrow” following his death at Windsor Castle on Friday morning.

The Duke of Edinburgh, the longest-serving royal consort in British history, was at the Queen’s side for quite her six decades of reign.

Boris Johnson said he “inspired the lives of countless young people”.

“It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen announces the death of her beloved husband,” the palace said.

“The royalty join with people round the world in mourning his loss.”

Speaking at Downing Street, the prime minister said that the duke had “earned the love of generations here within the uk , across the Commonwealth, and round the world”.

Buckingham Palace flag has been lowered down to half-post and a notice has been posted on the gates following the announcement of the duke’s death.

People placed floral tributes outside the palace, while hundreds visited Windsor Castle to pay their respects.

However, the govt urged the general public to not gather or leave tributes at royal residences amid the coronavirus pandemic.

The royalty has asked people to think about making a donation to a charity rather than leaving flowers in memory of the duke, and a web book of condolence has been launched on the official royal website for those that wish to send messages.

A message on the web site of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex’s non-profit organisation Archewell paid tribute to the “loving memory” of the Duke of Edinburgh, saying: “Thank you for your service… you’ll be greatly missed.”

In further tribute to the duke, Westminster Abbey will toll its tenor bell once every 60 seconds, 99 times, from 18:00 BST on Friday evening.

Source: BBC

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Introduction

It is not easy for the policy strategists to assess and evaluate the probability of a terrorist attack in their homelands. In contrast, the results and subsequent conditions of such kinds of possibilities make it necessary for the authorities all over the world to concentrate seriously on this issue of terrorism. During the course of the decade of 1990, a lot of events happened all around the world that made people to be concerned about the chances of terrorists to attain nuclear, biological or radiological weapons. People started fearing that such types of attainments may affect the urban areas tremendously as detonations may occur on a large extent. The researchers believe that it is not essential that the terrorists have hold of nuclear weapons as accessibility is not so easy. Nonetheless, concerns have raised about the opportunities that terrorists might get hold of radiological weapons and employ them in the near future. Luckily, no such event has still taken place whereby terrorists have made use of any kind of nuclear or radiological weapons. Nevertheless, governments were concerned when a number of terrorist attacks took place in various countries including “the attack with the chemical warfare agent Sarin in Tokyo (1995), the anthrax cases in the USA (2001) and the smuggling of radioactive material” (Wirz & Egger 2005). With the upper hand, the 9/11 attacks in the USA made the world realize that a number of radical groups are existing on the face of the earth to damage the human race without any discrimination. The world also understood that such groups have tremendous resources of both capital and manpower. The 9/11 attacks made it crystal clear that there are a number of dangerous people out there who are all determined to cause whatever damage they can to the humanity without any discrimination of race, color, language or nationality. The events of 9/11 crystal clearly symbolize that the United States is more threatened by the international terrorism as compared to the domestic threats.

Terrorism Threats that Need Consideration

A lot of researcher have acknowledged that the most easily attainable nuclear weapon in the contemporary times is a radiological diffusion bomb that any terrorist can access. This is because radiological weapons are cheap and not a huge amount of money is required to purchase them. In addition, radiological weapons do not have complicated handling like other modern weapons that involve high technological handling. This makes it the best alternative for the activists to attain such weapons so that great damage may be caused. Radiological weapons are, thus, the best weapons for any terrorist or terrorist groups particularly for the ones who do not have enough resources to manufacture, collect, or attain expensive mass-destruction causing weapons. It is also an easy option for them as it is really easy nowadays to access radioactive supplies. The main reason why accessibility of such supplies is rather uncomplicated as huge transportation means are not required to deliver them. Terrorists also like to use radiological weapons as their usage always result in an overwhelming damage and impact even if the planning and execution of the radiological attack turns out as a poor one. A radiological attack has the tendency to easily damage the economy and infrastructure of the region under attack as well as the moral destruction of the inhabitants of that specific region.

Nuclear Radiation Threat

It is important to mention here that the United States of America can be attacked by means of nuclear radiation as such an attack would need special instruments not visible to the naked eye but may cause mass-destruction (Zimmerman & Loeb 2004). This is because terrorists prefer the radiological weapons as they provide unique opportunities to influence any area both economically and psychologically. Terrorists always prefer radiological or nuclear weapons as they are not attached to detonators or any other devices but at the same time they cause great casualties. In addition, they do not involve technological expertise for employment. Another factor that makes radioactive weapons so attractive to terrorists is that radioactive matter can be obtained easily, cheaply and without much risk. On top, such weapons are potentially devastating and have the ability of upsetting everything a nation has.

To cut a long story short, radiation is a unique energy type that is both pure and hazardous at the same time. It is almost impossible to protect the radioactive matter and supplies as radioactive materials are utilized in thousands of different locations including the sectors of health, agriculture, education, industries etc. Consequently, a considerable danger is impending as the triviality and uncomplicated access of such supplies is a common thing in the society today. In addition, the controlling and monitoring systems are obsolete and inadequate due to which it is really easy for the terrorists to misuse radioactive content in the future. Therefore, it is the high time for the American authorities to consider the historic, cultural, and diversity aspects of the terrorism and formulate strategies the United States can utilize to prevent future terrorist attacks.

Bioterrorism Threat

No one can deny that the terrorists may make use of the biological agents too in order to terrorize and demolish innocent lives. Although, bioterrorism has never taken place in the times gone by, there are still various probabilities considered by the researchers that suggest the emphasis of the chances that such weapons may be used by terrorists sooner or later. The unusual biological weapons have not been used much in the past. However, the modern terrorists may make use of them in order to occupy and take over governments. Researchers believe that biological attacks may be conducted by the terrorists as a final option to regain momentum or to avoid from being disintegrated from their causes.

Vulnerability of Radioactive Material

It is an unfortunate fact that authorities have not done proper efforts for the administration and management of radiological sources. They have failed in devising proper systems to control and manage the radioactive resources. They have even failed in administering the vehicles that are used for transporting radiological materials from one place to another. Even the accommodation of such materials is not safe and protected. Sufficient measures are only taken if the facility possessors find the radioactive substances as commercially important. Otherwise, no adequate safety measures and appropriate safety systems are devised once the value of radioactive materials decreases in cost. It is highly required to turn attentions towards this side of the picture as the consequences of such negligence may be more than one’s imagination. The vulnerability of radioactive material makes it easily accessible when authorities ignore the terrorist activities. It is a bitter reality that the United States of America doesn’t have a dependable domestic system through which the location and state of radiological sources could be tracked. This is not common in the United States of America only. Other countries are also faced with the same negligence on the part of governmental authorities. The underdeveloped countries are going through the worst state of affairs in this regard too. The time demands honest endeavors in this connection as it is extremely essential that illegal transportation of radioactive material is properly identified, intercepted, coordinated and managed (Grotto 2005).

Strategies for Combating Terrorism

There are a number of socio-economic strategies that can be made use of for the elimination of the terrorist groups’ motivation. It needs to be understood by the American government that military action is not the only practicable response to terrorists or to stop terrorist activities. The United States of America does not have the capability of responding instantaneously and efficiently in case of an attack by terrorists. Therefore, the time requires the expansion and implementation of a solid and risk-based strategy for the country’s protection. There are a number of damages that can be caused by the radiological weapons, as already discussed. It is the responsibility of the authorities to put honest efforts and work in a vehement manner to safeguard the entire life-cycle of the most up-to-date and innovative radioactive sources. This requires licensing. There is also the need of an efficient system to be developed to track down and enlist all radioactive sources. Moreover, the safe and secure disposition of unwanted and nonessential radioactive sources is also very important and significant incentives are needed to make it happen (Grotto 2005). The United States of America also has a need of developing an effective system that is strong enough to speedily gauge the damage extent and identify the correct. This can be done with the development of a “coherent response plan, and getting the necessary personnel and equipment to the site rapidly” (Kelly  2010).

“Active” “Passive” Measure

In the contemporary times, it has turned out to be a difficult and complex thing to find out and recognize self-protective measures in order to get away with the various kinds of damages terrorist attacks may incur. On the other hand, it has been concluded by many researchers that various methods and measures could be brought into play for avoiding the effects and impacts of the terrorist attacks. These measures include intelligence collection beforehand, stopping terrorists’ access to the biological resources, “passive” measures for protection before any terrorist incident and “active” response and post-attack mitigating measures including preparedness programs in case of emergency.

Make Evaluations, Do Assessments

The events of September 11 has made it very crucial for the United States administration to sit down, make evaluations, do assessments and find out the needs of the country as far as defense is considered. This must be done in a really cautious fashion. The authorities must make certain that security threats are identified before their occurrences. It is also important to spend resources and capital in a smart manner on the required safety measures. It is sad to state that still the authorities have not been able to discover any type of scientific remedies to the world that may guarantee safety and protection from terrorist attacks of any sort. The terrorist groups are determined, have no morals and selfish. They also have the resources to find any loop in the safety measures and can take advantage of it by finding out techniques for the exploitation of radiological and biological weapons. They are not normal people and have no regard for human life. All they know is killing innocent individuals. The fact that they do not have any regard for their lives as well makes them beastly. This is the reason why there are higher chances of a terrorist attack in which radiological weapons could be used that may even harm the terrorists themselves.

Authorities Must Prepare Themselves

The terrorist groups are a threat that cannot be ignored in the recent times. Therefore, the authorities must wake up and prepare themselves well if they want to get away with the terrorism and ill-minded terrorists. It is crystal clear terrorists today are well-equipped with the necessary information and technological knowledge. They are experts in their fields and possess the intellectual capacity needed to carry out and execute the devilish plans. They are also well-resources, have adequate funds and extremely determined. To cut a long story short, future terrorist attacks may employ radiological and biological weapons as they are easily accessible, inexpensive and easy to handle without sensitive technological functions. Therefore, the entire world is required to act in unison and be prepared to retaliate any kind of planned attack. This requires prevention of terrorist attacks from the very beginning. In addition, the unlawful access, import, export, accommodation and usage of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear material must be prevented. In short, authorities must make sure that important assets that are vulnerable to the terrorists activities must be properly safeguarded.

Changes in Legislation or Constitution

In the contemporary American society, it is also necessary to amend and bring changes in the future legislation or constitution as a main strategy to hinder possible terrorist attacks. This is because it is extremely essential to punish the terrorists according to the damage they do. The amendments should also be powerful enough to grant additional powers to the federal government so that the country can be protected from any terrorist attacks. It is not an untold secret that increasing governmental powers would be really great for safeguarding the civil liberties from any probable erosion.

Conclusion

Terrorists worldwide have revealed they are good at frightening, petrifying and bloodcurdling even the ones who are unsuccessful in achieving any other objective. Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh is such an example. Fanatics have spread terror and panic by abductions, assassinations, bombings and poison gas releases. Their evil activities have made them a center of attention. Due to terrorism, many settlements have been prevented and authoritarianism has been roused. Many times, terrorists have been able to win political concessions and even toppled a few policies. However, even though terrorists have been successful in winning tactical victories, so far they have not been a chief power in capsizing governments or in attaining their ostentatious objectives. If truth be told, the terrorists have not been able to get their own declared premeditated goals nowhere except during the colonial era. From time to time, terrorism has been successful in killing policies.

Some researchers of terrorism have suggested that terror campaigns and terrorism are more or less all the time unsuccessful in achieving any of their objectives.  On the other hand, many observers of terrorism negate this perception by arguing that terrorism has been more victorious in attaining some of the important goals of the violent groups.  Certainly, in view of the fact that terrorism is the weapon of the weak, it frequently does not succeed in attaining any of the political objectives of the rebellious group (Lutz & Lutz, 2009).

Terrorism has turned out to be a fear-provoking, worrisome and upsetting phenomenon that has become a matter of concern for a majority of governments and people all around the world. It is probable that terrorist groups have various objectives. It is also likely that some are failed while others are gained. The public statements and communications by these organizations help in providing some insights. However, the thing to remember is that many times, such pronouncements are half truths that are planned to assemble and activate support. The stated goals, too, may not be the authentic or central objectives of the headship.  Terrorist groups and fanatics may declare to seek more than is expected by them to accomplish with the intention of providing room for dialogue or concession (Lutz & Lutz, 2009).

It should be acknowledged that a huge number of terrorist groups are not successful in achieving any of their goals. If provided with the opportunities, terrorists certainly get better eventually if they live to tell the tale of their initial attempts at brutality.  A lot of groups follow combinations of temporary and long-standing goals.  Despite the fact that most terrorist groups still become unsuccessful in getting their desired objectives, a number of groups have been efficient and successful and that terrorism has worked more frequently than is usually conceded (Lutz & Lutz, 2009). Sadly, the malfunctioning of the global community to completely identify terrorism as unlawful behavior and as low-intensity fighting has persuaded and promoted the spreading out of terrorist activity in the last three decades. There are innumerable terrorist groups whose terrorist actions have caused great damage. Terrorist functioning, maneuvering and procedures have been inexpensive to trigger and costly to respond to terrorism. Therefore, in order to combat terrorism, it is exceedingly important for the governments to identify that “terrorism can work to at least some extent and to realize that the phenomenon is not going to disappear any time in the immediate future” (Lutz & Lutz, 2009).

References

Grotto, A. J. (2005). Defusing the Threat of Radiological Weapons: Integrating Prevention with Detection and Response.American Progress. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/kf/dirtybomb072705.pdf

Kelly, H. (2002). Dirty Bombs: Response to a Threat. Journal of the Federation of American Scientists, 55(2).

Kortepeter, M. G., & Parker, G. W. (1999). Potential Biological Weapons Threats.Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(4), 523-527.

Lutz, J. M., & Lutz, B. J. (2009). How Successful is Terrorism?. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table. Retrieved November 7, 2013 from http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-216682634/how-successful-is-terrorism

Wirz, C., & Egger, E. (2005). Use of Nuclear and Radiological Weapons by Terrorists?. International review of the Red Cross, 87(859). Retrieved November 8, 2013, from http://www.labor-spiez.ch/de/the/as/pdf/irrc_859_Egger_Wirz.pdf

Zimmerman, P. D., & Loeb, C. (2004). Dirty Bombs: The Threat Revisited.Defense Horizons, 38. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-147059807/dirty-bombs-the-threat-revisited

 
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Introduction

A prison can be defined as a protected and locked institution where juvenile and grown-up offenders are housed with punishments that differ from a year to life. Such facilities hold the objective of accomplishing the verdict that the courts impose on the offenders and also of protecting the community and civil society by taking measures to prevent escapes. These facilities are also accountable to provide programs and services that are important for taking care of the convicted population under their management (“prison,” 2013). A significant trend in criminal justice system is the increasing stress on imprisonment. As compulsory laws related to sentencing have caused an increase in the prison population, criminal justice system has been faced with the issue of adjusting and managing the prisoners inside the walls of the prison.

Importance of Criminal Justice System

One of the recent trends that the criminal justice system is following in today’s contemporary era is that of alternate corrections. As the number of offenders and prisons in the society has increased dramatically, the criminal justice system has given reconsideration to alternative corrections so that the offenders may be given an opportunity to reenter into the society and prove themselves as valuable citizens. This is the major reason why instead of penitentiary procedures and seclusion, the criminal justice system is now focusing on the restoration and reintegration of prisoners in the society to alleviate the burden. As the society finds it difficult to accept criminals as a part of the common life, other corrections make it possible for the passive offenders to work and continue living in the society as a part of it. This trend has, without a doubt, reduced prison population and maintenance costs (Mackenzie, 2001).

Reentry of Prisoners in Society

A majority of the offenders find it a complicate transition when they return to the society from prison. Not only the offenders but their families also find it difficult to live in the community. When former wrongdoers reenter into the society, they frequently make great efforts with substance abuse, do not have adequate qualifications and talents to get a good job, have limited alternatives to accommodate in the community and suffer from psychological problems (Wilkinson, Rhine, & Henderson-Hurley, 2005). Thus, without any employment, money and housing facility, the offenders who return to communities from jails/prisons face the similar difficulties, demands and temptations that made them land in prison for the first time. The major elements that contribute in the successful offenders’ reentry in the society are assistance in getting and keeping a job, identification of intermediary accommodation and appropriate mentoring.

Challenges of Returned Prisoners in Society

This is exceedingly important as more or less ten thousand offenders are released in America every week from both state and federal prisons thus burdening the communities. According to surveys, over six million offenders are freed from prisons on an annual basis. A majority of such offenders are arrested within three years of their release.  This increased number of returnees crystal clearly reflects the trend of prison population growth in the United States of America during the last three decades. The return of the former prisoners thus challenges communities in a number of ways, The communities that are mostly affected with such returns are often poor and broke vicinities that have no or little social support and constantly soaring crime rates.

Criminal Justice System Provide Ease to Former Prisoners

Criminal justice system is of huge value to the changing society of today as it has the ability of addressing the root causes of offensive behaviors and criminal activities. This system is the primary one that is supportive for making the wrongdoers understand the consequences of their behaviors and misconduct in addition to their impact on other members of the society. It is also a major organizational system that makes the sinful realize his/her duty for the compensation of the harms he/she caused to the innocent(s) and the society. One of the other major characteristic of criminal justice system that makes it really helpful for the offenders is that they are given the opportunity for proving their positive capacity and individuality to let them realize their good side (Marchese, 2007).

Criminal Justice System Provide Better Survival Experience

Criminal justice system does so by tackling the feelings of guilt and shame with a positive and optimistic approach instead of directing the wrongdoers into further negativity. The criminal justice system is one of the most significant public-service organizations as it also includes victims, families and other related members of the society for the resolution of conflicts in a strong way. This is done by exploring the responsibilities of the people who are related with the crime and criminal. As a consequence, it is crystal clear that the society can do away with criminal activities. The processes of the criminal justice system are there to deliver a better survivor experience, reintegration of the wrongdoer in the community in an effective manner and the decrease of recidivism. All these positive elements may then lead to improved public safety (Marchese, 2007).

Conclusion

In the contemporary world of today, the United States of America is faced with the challenge of prisoner reentry crisis. The offender reentry has increased at a very fast rate which has consequently impacted more people, families and societies. Sociologists and anthropologists fear that this crisis “will become more heightened in the immediate future, as the number of individuals completing their prison sentences will continue to climb and as states that can no longer afford to incarcerate at massive levels and at staggering expense will be forced to release individuals early from their sentences or create other strategies to reduce criminal justice spending” (Pinard, 2010).

Ohio Reentry Program/Plan

There are a number of offender reentry programs that are meant for addressing the issues regarding ex-offenders and their return to the community. The success of such programs is a consequence of the amalgamation of multiple service-providers and various human-service agencies that have together created opportunities for the ex-offenders to return to society effectively. However, only one offender reentry program will be discussed for the purpose of this paper.

The Ohio Reentry Program Enhance the Quality of Life

One of the best offender reentry programs in the United States of America have been introduced in the state of Ohio. The vision of this reentry system is the provision of opportunities for offenders so that they can prove themselves as productive citizens in a successful way. The Ohio Reentry Resource Center in criminal justice is aimed to enhance the quality of the life of the ex-offenders with the active participation of all the stakeholders, making reentry as a safe phenomenon for the communities (Wilkinson, Rhine, & Henderson-Hurley, 2005).

Reduction of Criminal Activities

The mission of the mentioned Reentry Initiative is the reduction of criminal activities and behavior by taking a holistic and organized approach. The reentry process is structured for the assessment, identification and linkage of offenders to the services that most appropriately comply with their requirements. The Ohio Reentry Resource Center aims to accomplish the process of reentry with the assistance of offenders’ families, community partners, law-enforcement and criminal justice personnel and victims (Wilkinson, Rhine, & Henderson-Hurley, 2005).

Provides Behavioral Treatments to Ex-Offenders

The program is successful in the sense that it mirrors strong commitment as far as the implementation of efficient correctional efforts is concerned. It not only targets criminogenic needs of the ex-offenders but also considers dosage in an adequate manner. It also provides behavioral treatments to the ex-offenders who are ready to reenter into the society to prove their worth. When observed closely, there are both strengths and weaknesses in the program (Wilkinson, Rhine, & Henderson-Hurley, 2005).

Strengths of Ohio Reentry Program

One of the main strengths of this program is that it considers authentic reasons when prisoners/families request the transfer of the offender to other prisons. Visiting hardships are given preference in order to fulfill the transfer requests. For instance, if the families of the offenders do not live near the prison and it is difficult for them to access transportation, the reentry resource center in Ohio considers it a valid reason to transfer the prisoner to a prison that is near his/her family. It also gives full support to the offenders to participate in the program, continue education and makes the medical access certain (“Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Frequently Asked Questions”, 2013). One other strength of this program is that it provides all types of job opportunities to a great number of people as The Department of Rehabilitation and Correction is the biggest state agency in Ohio. In the present times, there are more than thirteen thousand people that are being employed under reentry program. It is extremely important to mention here that a majority of these workers are correction officers which mean that a large number of ex-offenders can be catered; through this reentry plan/program. Other people that are required for the maintenance of the prison community are also hired in good numbers that include librarians, nurses, doctors, clerical support, IT professionals, social workers, psychologists, parole officers etc. (“Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Frequently Asked Questions”, 2013).

Weaknesses of Ohio Reentry Program

As far as the weaknesses are concerned, the phone rates are very high as compared to the normal long distance calls’ rates. This is because the telephone service that is meant to be used by the inmate class does not have the additional equipment installed for making it easy to make long distance service possible cheaply.  There is also a lack of direct email access to the Ohio inmates that is another weakness in the program. However, it is important in a way because if inmates are provided with direct email access, they can use it for illegal purposes (“Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Frequently Asked Questions”, 2013).

Conclusion

To cut a long story short, the offender reentry experiences in Ohio reflect the success of reentry initiatives that the authorities have taken and this is done only through collaborating in a successful way. The efforts have been coordinated by “the many stakeholders-departments of correction, jobs and family service agencies, mental health boards, faith-based and charitable organizations, among others-must build partnerships” (Wilkinson, Rhine, & Henderson-Hurley, 2005) that have resulted in the deliverance of helpful assistance to offenders to reenter in the society.

Although, there are still numerous gaps that need to be filled, the recent initiatives that have been taken by the Ohio authorities have increased awareness in the society. The reentry programs introduced in the state have been helpful as the innumerable concerns regarding the returning offenders have been addressed in novel and modern manners (Wilkinson, Rhine, & Henderson-Hurley, 2005). It is the need of the time to work in a collective manner so that improvements can be brought in the communities. The traditional bureaucracies must be broken so that change can be resisted.

References

Mackenzie, D. L. (2001). Sentencing and Corrections in the 21st Century: Setting the Stage for the Future. NCJRS. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/189106-2.pdf

Marchese, J. J. (2007, October). Starting the Reentry Process at the Beginning.Corrections Today, 69 (5), 20+.

Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Frequently Asked Questions. (2013, August 26). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved October 31, 2013, from http://www.drc.ohio.gov/web/FAQ.htm

Pinard, M. (2010). Reflections and Perspectives on Reentry and Collateral Consequences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 100(3), 1213+. Retrieved November 1, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-247971650/reflections-and-perspectives-on-reentry-and-collateral

prison. (2013). Questia. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-prison/prison

Wilkinson, R. A., Rhine, E. E., & Henderson-Hurley, M. (2005). Reentry in Ohio Corrections: A Catalyst for Change.Journal of Correctional Education, 56(2), 158+. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1P3-863904411/reentry-in-ohio-corrections-a-catalyst-for-change

 
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Introduction

To deliver a good speech with the capability of grasping the audience’s attention and convincing them is not an easy task. In fact, the deliverance of an influential and persuasive speech requires a lot of preparation and the knowledge of rhetoric devices. The detailed analysis of the style of famous speakers can help in discovering the secret of their success and assess their techniques in building the connection with the audience. The approaches can greatly vary ascan be observed in the case of the speeches by Martin Luther King and Sam Berns. However, the main task is to provoke the listeners for some thought process and actions.

Speech By Martin Luther King

The speech, “The Street Sweeper” or “The Three Dimensions of a Complete Life”, was delivered on April 9^th, 1967, at New Covenant Baptist Church in Chicago (Free My People, 2016). The manner in which Martin Luther King speaks is very emotional and expressive. He uses many rhetorical pauses to highlight the most important moments of the message and interacts with the public (that supports the speaker with exclamations). In addition, the speaker seems to have chosen a perfect topic and place for the speech as it relies on Christian beliefs and references the Bible: “You shall reap what you sow”. To make his words more credible and persuasive to the audience, Martin Luther King uses a real example of the street sweeper. He mentions this common but unpopular profession to convince the people that any job should be done properly. The speaker uses simple words and short sentences to make the speech understandable for the broader audience and ties all his beliefs to the real life. He emphasizes that doing everything in the best way possible is not enough. In fact, it is also necessary to possess a clear mind and kind intentions.

The words of Martin Luther King are met with applauses because of the demonstration of his logical and expressive ideas that correspond to the beliefs of the listeners. In this manner, he was triumphant in inspiring people to take significant actions and giving them the appropriate advices to change their lives.

Speech by Sam Berns

On the other hand, “My philosophy for a happy life” speech is presented in a typical TEDx Talks format where the speaker can be seen making use of bright humor and references to his life (TEDx Talks, 2013). Sam Berns, a patient with the rare illness known as Progeria, shares his thoughts and perspectives with the healthy people to share his secret of happiness. The main effect of this speech is built on the contrast between the stereotypes about the people who live with severe diseases and the real case of Sam Berns – an individual who is absolutely satisfied with his life. During the whole speech, the speaker relies on his personal experience and mentions three components of happiness. He supports all his statements by sharing the actual examples from his life.

In this manner, Sam Berns makes the speech more credible and realistic. Moreover, he looks genuinely content with his life reflected in his positive tone and cheerful mood. Sam supports his ideas with the references of famous peoples’ quotations – people who managed to achieve greatness during their lives. The speaker uses humor to establish a close connection with the audience and is perfectly successful in doing so. The message of this speech is clear and logical: if the boy with the Progeria is happy, any healthy person has all the reasons to be happy too.

Conclusion of Comparative Analysis

Despite the fact that the two discussed speeches have a lot of differences, both of them are convincing and use a great variety of rhetorical devices. The speakers manage to convey their ideas to the audience to inspire them to change their minds and act positively different. Martin Luther King is more emotional and expressive especially when he presents the words of God. He does not refer to his life but uses the story of the street sweeper – an individual who believes in doing his job with honesty. In contrast, Sam Berns uses his personal example and tells about the simple joys of life to let the audience understand the essence of happiness. Both speeches prove that it is excessively important to take the potential audience, time, circumstances of the speech, usage of bright examples, and interaction with the public into account. All these characteristics make it possible for one to become a successful speaker.

References

TEDx Talks. (2013, Dec 13). My philosophy for a happy life | Sam Berns | TEDxMidAtlantic. [Video file]. Tedx. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36m1o-tM05g

Free My People. (2016, Apr 9). “The Street Sweeper” Speech by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. [Video file]. Free My People. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozwv1Va4RpE

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Introduction

The emergence of the United States of America did not take place until more or less one hundred and seventy five years after it was founding as a group of British colonies (by and large). However, it is easily observable that American society was a very different one for a majority of Europeans. The history of American nation is extraordinarily rich and every era has its own significance. The 18^th and 19^th centuries are extremely important as major transformations in the Society took place in these periods of time. Reconstruction, Industrialism, Labor Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Women Rights Movement, Progressivism etc. are incredibly significant in order to understand the changes in the American society. It was the era where the Americans chose to leave feudalism behind and built a society where they could follow principles of socialism, both politically and socially. The hope of a liberal society made them to focus on the individual rights as a consequence.

Reconstruction of USA

Reconstruction was one of the most important affairs in the history of the United States of America and spanned from 1865 to 1877. It was, if truth be told, the readjustment period after the Civil war ended. As the South faced a terrible defeat in the Civil War, it was a devastated land as the Union forces caused great physical destructions. The institution of slavery that was the basis of the social and economic order in the South also experienced a great collapse. Thus, Reconstruction of the eleven Confederate states turned out as extremely necessary. As far as the success of Reconstruction is concerned, it indeed was a triumph period as United States emerged as a unified nation as restoration of the former Confederate states. Also, new constitutions were drafted and all the mentioned states accepted and acknowledged the 13^th, 14^th and 15^th amendments. The old issue of federalism vs. states’ right was also resolved due to the Reconstruction (Ferrell, 2003).

Failure of Reconstruction

On the other hand, Reconstruction can also be considered a failure due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the farmer slaves could not be protected from white persecution and thus, radical Republican legislation was unsuccessful. It also failed to bring about essential amendments in the South’s social foundation. In 1877, the federal troops were removed by President Rutherford B. Hayes that resulted in the instantaneous power restoration of the previous Confederate representatives and slave owners.  These officials and politicians were supported by the conservative Supreme Court and they mutually consented to pass black codes, qualifications for voting and additional legislation that were meant to subjugate blacks and take back their rights that the Radical Reconstruction granted them (Ferrell, 2003).

From this point, the blacks gathered to fight for their civil rights though they have very little economic power due to the tenant farming and sharecropping system (a form of slavery in which the white land owners tied the blacks to the former’s land). The people in the South also had to pay elevated taxes and were deprived of the basic necessities due to a collapsed economy. However, the Reconstruction made northerners tired by 1877 due to the numerous controversies, black movement, radicals etc.  Thus, Reconstruction came to its conclusion without accomplishing a good number of its goals.

Industrialism

As already mentioned, Industrial Revolution was an ongoing phenomenon in the 18^th century and is used for referring to social and financial changes that highlight the switch to a modern industrial society from a commercial/agricultural society. Industrial society is one which does not depend on tools but on complex machinery. From a historical point of view, Industrial Revolution specifically points out towards the end of the eighteenth century and mid0nineteenth century. Industrialism is of significant importance in the American history as it brought remarkable changes in the collective and fiscal structure of the society due to the introduction of new-fangled inventions and hi-tech innovations. It gave birth to a factory system of extensive and all-encompassing mechanized manufacture/production consequently leading to better trade and industry specialism. The population that was involved in labor (especially in agricultural sector) moved to urban factories and the world witnessed increasing factory employees due to increased mechanization and technological improvements (Diner, 1998).

The Industrial Revolution changed USA

The Industrial Revolution changed the United States’ face in the world and gave rise to urban centers. The people were given the opportunity of living a focused and inter-reliant economic life. It won’t be incorrect to say that the course of Industrialization in the United States of America was a long one but fruitful as the urban workers turned out to be entirely reliant on the employer’s will. In the similar manner, the Industrial Revolution offered the fiscal foundation for professions to increase in number, population growth and an improved life. However, the old social family patterns were distorted due to Industrialism as the space was divided into homes and workplace that were previously the same. Similarly, Industrialism brought political corruption, environmental damage and exploitation of resources along with it. On the other hand, it is true that this historical revolution did extraordinary changes permanently. This is because the United States has earned the position of a Super Power in the present times due to the benefits of Industrial Revolution that started in the eighteenth century (Diner, 1998).

Labor Movement in USA History

In the same connection, there is a significant role that has been played by the labor movement in United States’ history. A lot of people were already working as pact-servants or slaves in the country and many came after the Industrial Revolution. However, there was a strong labors’ unionization for a very long time. Even though there were impermanent unions during the Revolution, the contemporary unionization of workers had its basis already set in the olden times. It is exceedingly important to state here that a lot of benefits that are enjoyed by the workers/laborers today are because of the unionization that took place in the last decades of the eighteenth century. Previously, a majority of unions used to gather to acquire their right of high wages and justified working hours. After achieving their goals, they then disunited. However, with the growth in the nation, there was more labor needed. As already mentioned, the United States had transformed into an industrial society from an agricultural one.  This Industrial Revolution augmented the need for labor in the country. Thus, as the workforce grew so did the need for laborers’ protection from employers’ mistreatment (Beik, 2005).

Beginning of Labor Union

As a result, a number of labor unions came into being, AFL and NLP as the major ones during the last years of 18th century. Due to Industrial Revolution and increase in laborers’ number, the individual worker’s value decreased as there were a lot of people in the labor pool. Replacements were easily available for the execution of jobs and this made employees to begin working on lower wages and pathetic conditions for working. Due to such reasons, union movements were started throughout the country. The Pullman Railroad Strike, United Mine Workers Strike (Pennsylvania), Wobblies, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire are some of the major events through which the laborers compelled the government to notice their demands (Beik, 2005). The Union Movement is crucial in the sense that it paved way for the 1914 Clayton Act passage that clearly stated a human being’s labor as a non-commodity and non-commercial article. It also made union strikes and boycotts legal for the laborers.

Industrial Revolution and Role of Women in History of America

It is also due to the Industrial Revolution that women were given a prominent status in the American society. Before the Industrial Revolution, there were distinctive gender roles whereby men had the status of bread winners whereas women were only considered as homemakers. However, the Industrial Revolution changed this societal perception regarding gender roles. The domestic environment within the walls of the home was considered as the only true sphere for women and they were supposed to take care of the family/children and look after the house. The women did not have enough opportunities to receive higher education or work outside. In Colonial America, a woman acquiring higher education was an impossible thing as the masculine gender was given preference in the colleges. The American society was against women education as it was believed that women won’t be able to make use of higher education. As a consequence, people held the opinion that if women would be employed in particular fields, it would prove as improper or inequitable to the opposite sex. It was also believed that women do not have the intellectual capacity to participate in fields of science and technology and therefore, more hurdles were posed in their desire to acquire higher education. Another prevailing belief that prevented women to go to colleges was that their education must be limited to fields that may match their functions and responsibilities as wives and mothers. The belief that they should be educated in separate settings matching their future roles as wives and mothers excluded them at times when domestic concerns prevailed.

However, with the wave of feminism in the last decades of the eighteenth century, a number of institutions and valiant women came forward to fight for equal education rights in the United States of America for the feminine sex.  The organizations supporting women presented tough arguments regarding the position of women in the society and made it crystal clear that women should be given equal opportunities to acquire higher education as they nurture a whole generation. They strongly supported the idea that women must be provided the same wide-ranging and useful education that men were offered. With the progression in the twentieth century, the world witnessed stability in the women colleges and their education turned out as publically acceptable (Masteller, 1998).

With the pasaage of time and revoltionized thinking in the society, college became a widely-acknowledged and honored place where young women could go and attain higher education. The society started to accept the fact that women can also read books and their sole purpose in not to look after their families, cooking and sewing etc. To put in simple words, the nineteenth century brought with it a broadminded perception regarding wome and higher education. The women gained freedom to choose whatever college they want to go to. The historical inequalities vanished and women got opportunities to acquire higher education according to their will as the American academic system started to accept women education as an inevitable element of societal progress (Masteller, 1998). It is exceedingly important to mention the name of Alice Freeman Palmer here as she was among the major figures that encouraged and supported higher education for women in the USA.

When the historical experiences that the women had in the United States of America are reviewed closely, it is a crystal clear observation that the expectations for boys and girls were rather dissimilar as far as education was concerned. In times gone by, girls were raised with the sole purpose of making them competent enough to discharge duties in limited and certain roles like teachers, nurses etc. However, the opportunities for women increased in a dramatic way with the introduction of Title IX and the implementation of the legislation regarding equal access to education.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be easily concluded that the period from 1870 to 1920 was a critical one as a number of Revolutions took place in that epoch of time. However, it is also important to note that they were not meant to bring revolution in the whole country but benefitted particular segments of society at particular times.

Refrences

Beik, M. A. (2005). Labor Relations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group.

Diner, S. J. (1998). A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era. New York: Hill and Wang.

Ferrell, C. L. (2003). Reconstruction. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Madigan, J. C. (2009). The Education of Girls and Women in the United States: A Historical Perspective. Advances in Gender and Education, 1, 11-13.

Masteller, K. C. (1998). Silent Sisters: Women’s Suffrage And Women’s Higher Education. The Concord Review, 1, 235-247.

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Colonial America, Against Women Education

In Colonial America, a woman getting higher education was an impossible thing as the male gender was given preference in the colleges. As a consequence, people held the opinion that if women would be employed in specific fields, it would prove as improper to the opposite sex. It was also believed that they do not have the intellectual capacity to participate in fields of science and technology and therefore, more hurdles were posed in their desire to acquire higher education. Another belief that prevented women to go to colleges was that their education must be limited to fields that may match their responsibilities as wives and mothers. The belief that they should be educated in separate settings matching their future roles as wives and mothers excluded them at times when domestic concerns prevailed (Eisenmann, 2007).

Last Decades, Equal Rights for Education

However, with the wave of feminism in the last decades of the eighteenth century, a number of institutions and valiant women came forward to fight for equal education rights in the United States of America for the feminine sex.  The organizations supporting women presented tough arguments regarding the position of women in the society and made it crystal clear that women should be given equal opportunities to acquire higher education as they nurture a whole generation. They strongly supported the idea that women must be provided the same wide-ranging and useful education that men were offered. With the progression in the twentieth century, the world witnessed stability in the women colleges and their education turned out as publically acceptable (Masteller, 1998).

Nineteenth Century, Broadminded Perception

With the pasaage of time and revoltionized thinking in the society, college became a widely-acknowledged and honored place where young women could go and attain higher education (Masteller, 1998). The society started to accept the fact that woman can also read books and their sole purpose in not to look after their families, cooking and sewing etc. To put in simple words, the nineteenth century brought with it a broadminded perception regarding wome and higher education. The women gained freedom to choose whatever college they want to go to thereby diminishing “hostile public opinion, biased medical evaluations, and concerns ranging from preserving femininty to finding a job” (Masteller, 1998). The historical inequalities vanished and women got opportunities to acquire higher education according to their will as the American academic system started to accept women education as an inevitable element of societal progress (Masteller, 1998). It is exceedingly important to mention the name of Alice Freeman Palmer here as she was among the major figures that encouraged and supported higher education for women in the USA (“Palmer, Alice Freeman,” 2013).

Conclusion

It is important for the society to understand that women and education must not be separated because women like men, deserve to have equal accessibilty, just participation and opportunities to acquire education according to their wishes. When the historical experiences that the women had in the United States of America are reviewed closely, it is a crystal clear observation that the expectations for boys and girls were rather dissimilar as far as education was concerned. In times gone by, girls were raised with the sole purpose of making them competent enough to discharge duties in limited and certain roles like teachers, nurses etc. However, the opportunities for girls increased in a dramatic way with the introduction of Title IX and the implementation of the legislation regarding equal access to education. It is exceedingly necessary to “look back and reflect on the accomplishments of those from the past so that we might better encourage those who will go into the future” (Madigan, 2009) into new educational contemporary age.

References

Eisenmann, L. (2007). The Impact of Historical Expectations on Women’s Higher Education. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table , 1. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-192639836/the-impact-of-historical-expectations-on-women-s-higher

Madigan, J. C. (2009). The Education of Girls and Women in the United States: A Historical Perspective. Advances in Gender and Education, 1, 11-13.

Masteller, K. C. (1998). Silent Sisters: Women’s Suffrage And Women’s Higher Education. The Concord Review , 1, 235-247.

Palmer, Alice Freeman from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (2013). Questia. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Palmer-AF/palmer-alice-freeman

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Introduction

According to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, a slave is a ‘person who is the legal property of another or others and is bound to absolute obedience’ (Archer, 1988). Slavery can be described as an organization that is founded on a relationship of control and obedience. This organization allows one person to own another person to misuse his abilities for labor and other personal matters. Not only can slavery is founded in the low material cultures like those in the Malay Peninsula but it can also be found in highly modernized and  developed cultures like those existing in the southern United States. This inhumane institution has also got its roots in the Muslim world (“slavery,” 2013).

Difference of Purpose

By a long way, the mentioned institution and trade is more prevalent in Americas and the Muslim world and both the East and West have their own characteristics as far as slavery is concerned. In Americas, a good number of workers were used to of working on plantations (tobacco, sugar etc.) and were given a small amount of money for their services. However, the capturing of slaves in the Muslim world had two purposes. The first one was to, of course, making them do various domestic and outside tasks and the other purpose was to teach them about Islam so that they could convert willingly (Rodriguez, 1997).

Difference in Treatment

One of the basic differences between the slavery among the two parts of the world is that slavery in Islamic world continued for more or less a century than in the West. It is not a difficult task to get hold of the facts about how slavery was practiced in the two corners of the world. The rich in Americas treated slaves like pathetic machines who were purchased with the intention of completing works in the fastest manner possible. On the other hand, the rich Muslims were used to of buying slaves so that they could influence them to convert to Islam without using force (Rodriguez, 1997).

Another difference between the practices of slavery lies in the fact that the two worlds treated the slaves in a completely different manner. Slaves in America were treated with the most horrible treatment one could imagine. People were snatched away from their families to be made slaves and were given sadistic punishments like cutting off of feet, continuous whipping, burning them till they die etc. Black slaves were treated more brutally and fiercely as they were considered the lesser race. On the other hand, slaves in the Muslim world were treated in a kind and compassionate manner as instructed by God and the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). Slaves were simply regarded as people who belonged to a different faith if they weren’t Muslims. Treatment was fair and they were not starved or burnt to death or whipped or beaten. The Muslims followed the instructions of Allah and did not treat their slaves wrongly. The Islamic history tells one hundreds of true events where slaves were only bought to make them invite to Islam (Rodriguez, 1997).

Difference in Freedom

Whereas affluent in the Americas kept slaves to work on plantations in order to gain profits, keeping slaves in the Muslim world was just a sign of wealth and prosperity. It is easily observable that “in Muslim countries, slavery and freedom had a much more fluid boundary than in the West, with some slaves and former slaves reaching positions of great power and prestige” (“slavery,” 2013). The Blacks and Afro-Americans are still living a lower-class lie in the European world. However, in most parts, the descendants of the African slaves have been able to attain considerable levels of socio-economic mobility, political power, and cultural assimilation in the societies. Their legacies are not as same as their forefathers who lived and died a miserable life.

References

Archer, L. J. (1988). Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour. New York: Routledge.

Rodriguez, J. P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio.

slavery from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (2013). Questia. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-slavery/slavery

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The military in the United States of America has gone through great evolution making a major societal presence now whereby it was a small institution once. The armed forces have turned out as the largest employer in the country. Moreover, just like what is easily observable in the nation’s history, the military composition still reflects the racial, ethnic, sexual, social, economical and religious diversity (Segal & Segal, 2004).

As the military is hiearchal in nature, the major portion of it has always consisted on male youth. The  institution needed physical fitness so it preferred younger people, whether male or female. The age limit for men was seventeen and twenty-five for women. However, the women were restricted to a small number of related jobs. Although, gender integration began after the 1973 end of  conscription. Again, the women were not considered to be employed largely. On the other hand, their role considerable expanded during wars and combats as launderes, nurses and cooks. In the similar fashion, the historical composition of US military involved a greater number of Blacks and Hispanics as compared to the white population. At the same time, Blacks were not considered for any higher officer ranks despite the fact that their participation was far better than the whites. In the 18^th century, there were a major number of men belonging to different European backgrounds who served in forces and they also experienced the same treatment as Blacks. Moreover, the United States military was served by a great number of immigrants and their children, particularly white ethnics (Germans, Mexicans etc.). As far as the religion is concerned, the Protestants’ participation in the military services was fairly larger than other religious groups in the United States. It is also important to mention here that young men were required to take permission to marry as the institution always preferred young single men (Segal & Segal, 2004).

References

Segal, D. R., & Segal, M. W. (2004). America’s Military Population. Population Bulletin , 59(04). Retrieved November 15, 2013, from http://www.prb.org/source/acf1396.pdf
 
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Scaling New Heights in Trade & Investments

Economic trends and demands are not only changing rapidly but also increasing on a global level.

The UAE and Indian governments were triumphant in identifying this issue and made endeavors to resolve the neglected strategies. In February 2016, a 3-day historic visit was made by UAE’s high profile and the delegation that included Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed and Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince Dubai. Similarly, the visit of PM Modi in 2015 is also remarkable as no Indian President visited UAE since 1981. This visit is also considered remarkable as both sides agreed to elevate their bilateral relations for a stronger commercial and strategic partnership. In 2016, His Highness Sheikh Mohammad Bin Zayed Al Nahyan to India in February 2016. Similarly, HH Sheikh Mohammad is also invited on Republic Day 2017 as the Chief Guest of the Indian Government. Thus, there has been a consistent demonstration of efforts to improve the relation between the two countries.

The two side’s leadership agreed to establish a UAE-India Infrastructure Investment Fund setting an ambitious target of $75 billion to support the investment for India’s infrastructure. Furthermore, a task force was set up to nudge investments under this fund. Similarly, mutual cooperation in other fields including trade, investment, security, joint defence production, space programmes, and IT and electronics, is also acknowledged. The fact that the two countries share cultural affinity and commercial linkages seems to strengthen their bond in the future.

UAE-India Economic Forum (UIEF)

UIEF is an excellent platform to discuss and evaluate the trade opportunities and current strategic status of UAE and India economic relations. The recent developments have led to a strong need to create an economic forum for the investors of both countries wherein it could be possible for them to remain aware of the real time news and impact of the expected surge in bilateral business volumes.

This platform is focusing on critical sectors like infrastructure, tourism, banking, and renewable energy. It strongly aims to address a policy framework and guidelines that works to attract the investors, large corporates, industries and sovereign wealth funds.

This forum also provides an opportunity to traditionally closer and friendly countries allowing them to explore the cross-border trading and investment opportunities. It also provides a direct window to discuss the regulations, policies, and support from concerned government authorities at the same time.

After the success of 2015 summit that attracted 300 delegates, the second summit of UAE India Economic Forum took place on Oct 19-20, 2016 at Madinat Jumeriah. Business leaders and government authorities from both countries discussed significant opportunities for a strong bilateral partnership.

Foreign & Economic Policy

In the overall realignment of foreign policy goals, India sees its relation with UAE extremely critical to its coordinated strategy in international relations spanning economic, political, and strategic interests. Sheikh Mohammad’s visit came at a time when the Indian economy was opening up additional sectors to foreign investments. Thus, both countries have several positive benefits to offer.

INDIA UAE Primary Trade Partner

India is also the largest importer of goods from the UAE accounting approximately 14.9% of the country’s exports. There are plenty of opportunities for economic co-operation and the establishment of joint ventures between the UAE and India. In fact, every economic facility is a viable opportunity for establishing partnerships.

Investment Relations

The investments of UAE in India are mainly concentrated in five sectors: construction development (16 %), energy (14 %), metallurgical industries (10 %), services (10 %), and computer software and hardware (5 %). Other sectors include petroleum products, precious metals and stones, jewellery, metals, chemical materials and wooden products.

The non-oil trade of India-UAE valued at $29,023.68 in 2007-2008.This two-way trade showed a 40% growth for 2007-2008 over the previous year. Besides, dozens of other different products are being imported and exported ultimately increasing the revenues for both sides.

State of Tourism

Tourism sector is being considered as a potential and emerging sector for future growth, especially medical tourism. Another area with significant scope for investment is construction and maintenance of hotels. Take Burj-Al-Arab and the  skyscraper Burj Khalifa in Dubai as an example, the tallest structure in the world. As per the tourism statistics and trends, Dubai is the 4^th most visited city in the world after Paris, London and Bangkok. There is good opportunity for UAE to invest in the over-all tourism sector in India, which would help in attracting tourists to both UAE and India trade relations.

UAE-India Trade Hit USD 100 billion in 2022

Bilateral trade between the UAE and India has grown significantly from $180 million in the 1970s to about $60 billion per annum, and is predicted to reach $100 billion by 2020.

In 2014, the total volume of foreign trade between the two countries amounted to USD 60 billion, making UAE as India’s primary trade partner in the Middle East.

Experts believe that if the economic forum of both UAE and India continues to strengthen their coordinated efforts, the goals of massive investment are likely to meet a little earlier.  The approaching time is indeed a golden period for the investors as leaderships of both sides are confident about the effectiveness and positive consequences of the wise investment decisions. Together, UAE and India can shape the future as both countries are extending cooperation in important business and trade areas. Both governments have the ability to utilize their proficiency for mutual good and may learn a lot from each other to enhance and improve their distinctive trade matters.

 
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