Introduction

With the ingression of a mental illness (such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia) in a family, it is not the patient/sufferer who gets affected alone; the family members are also impacted emotionally (and financially). Considering the unique domestic dynamics and circumstances of such a household, family members make endeavors to help the affected by seeking psychological assistance. Thus, a family system is considerably impacted when a member experiences psychological problems (May, 2018).

Issues Faced by the Family

Several issues could be faced by the family members while handling mental illness. In most cases, the mental illness becomes the principal focus of the family ultimately making other issues insignificant. A major issue is that such a situation creates rifts among family members as each member perceives the mental illness differently failing to think of a unanimous decision about the treatment/resolution of the illness. Almost all households wherein there is a mental illness case, the prevalence of feelings of vulnerability, frustration, hurt, and guiltiness prevails (May, 2018). It needs to be mentioned here that family structure and domestic environment play a significant role in contributing to the mental health and behavioral patterns of a person.  Non-supportive families can diminish or neglect a member’s psychological wellbeing ultimately contributing in the causation of a mental illness or its deterioration. In a majority of scenarios, psychologically victimized individuals are dependent on the support of their family. In the absence of this reliability, the entire process of recovery is affected in a negative manner (Boyd, 2018).

Hereditary Mental Disorders

It seems that bipolar disorders, autism, and schizophrenia affect the brain in a similar manner. For the same reason, gene activity is often analyzed by the researchers as a measure to comprehend the causative factors of such psychological states. Individuals who have particular gene variants by birth are more vulnerable to get affected by autism, schizophrenia, and other bipolar disorders (Hamzelou, 2018). It needs to be mentioned here that “scientists have discovered that no single gene is responsible for a mental disorder, several susceptibility genes may interact with one another, and the environment influences genetic expression to increase the risk of developing a mental disorder” (Ritter & Lampkin, 2011)

When things fall apart and personal disaffection or distancing happens, it may not be a continuing process. Time heals the hurt and resentment. Similarly, motivational approach and honest efforts could be used for correcting the biased views concerning mental illness. It is the family that decides what is best for the healthiest environment within the four walls of its home. Motivated people can surprisingly change their thought processes.

Awareness and Acknowledgement of the Illness

Families are irreplaceable. An individual with a disturbing mental condition may get the best treatment when supported by the family. There are a number of ways family members can cope with a mental illness. To begin with, the family members need to learn and acknowledge the diagnosis. However, it is necessary to never describe the patient as the illness. Also, it is extremely important to maintain a positive relationship with the sufferer by being encouraging, supportive, and spending quality time with him/her. Most importantly, a person suffering from a mental illness needs to be understood by his/her family members as his thought process is abnormal. A family needs to be mindful of the patient’s condition and encourage him/her to participate in daily life activities. It is also indispensable to understand that such patients could employ violent means and may attempt suicides. Therefore, it is required to be aware of the nearest mental inpatient facility where the patient could be taken in such a dreadful emergency (May, 2018)

References

Boyd, M. (2018). Psychiatric nursing: Contemporary practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

Hamzelou, J. (2018, February 8). First glimpse of how genes may cause mental health problems. Retrieved April 15, 2019, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2160697-first-glimpse-of-how-genes-may-cause-mental-health-problems/

May, J. V. (2018, October 18). Mental Illness Affects the Whole Family | Pine Rest Blog. Retrieved April 14, 2019, from https://www.pinerest.org/mental-illness-affects-whole-family-blog/

Ritter, L. A., & Lampkin, S. M. (2011). Community mental health. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

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Comparative Analysis

Today, the Psychological Board Association finds it difficult to decide whether ABA Therapy is better than Social Awareness Communication or not. Several studies have revealed that the advocates of both therapies consider whether a child has been diagnosed with autism or the does the child seem to exhibit symptoms of autism? According to the DSM-5 field test, many children have been diagnosed with autism when they only have Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder. Some speech-language pathologists consider that it is better to have the children fully tested before diagnosis of autism.

Differences Between ASD and SCD

There are several differences between ASD and SCD (a red flag for some parents who might suspect that their child was misdiagnosed with ASD). Kids with autism have difficulties in social communication and exhibit repetitive or disruptive behaviors. Some repetitive or disruptive behaviors may include flapping, jumping, and rocking. On the other hand, children with SCD display a consistent behavior and use verbal and non-verbal communication cues across different texts. ASD and SCD have verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties thereby making the diagnosis difficult. However, specialists in both fields still maintain that treating a child for a communication disorder is far easier than treating a child with ABA.  According to them, if a child is given the opportunity to socialize, it will make a child speak and behave properly.

In ASD, the daily schedule, expectation, or chores will benefit the children in processing information visually. In contrast, SCD uses visual supports for a child’s daily schedule, expectations, and chore chart, etc. to allow the kids process information visually as well. Also, planning controlled play dates can also help a child talk faster than using ASD which only focuses on repeating words day in and day out as a reinforcement technique. It must be noted that reinforcing something consistently frustrates and bothers such children as they do not like eye contact, hugging, or touching. Sensitivity issues are challenging for both the children and the respective associations. SCD believes in making consistent interactions with kids and their peers (whether autistic or not) and endeavoring to bring the children out of isolation. ASD, on the other hand, believes in the sensory as a contributive factor in treating children with different spectrum of ASD. In contrast, ABA firmly believes in understanding the behavior of each child and does not rely solely on dialogue therapy. Along with SCD, there are several ABA methods that are used in helping the children to succeed in today’s world.

Bridging the Gap Between Therapists and Parents

Finally, both parties do agree on bridging the gap between therapists and parents to achieve the best results. As SCD is a new diagnosis, the researchers find it difficult to diagnose the two conditions separately.  However, they believe in their new modifications funded by private companies such as Autism Speaks.  The scientists used DSM-5 criteria for both ASD and SCD to reevaluate a large number of families previously assigned to an autism sub-type under DSM-IV.  Most importantly, treatment should address the inimitable needs of the individual as established through evaluation.  The therapies are focused on improving social communication by using speech and language therapy, ABA, Essential Retort Training, Early Start Denver Model, societal skills groups, and Intellectual Behavioral Therapy.

Conclusion

Although there is not a single concrete method to help a child to communicate, it is the bridging of a home, school, and therapies that will help the children later to lead a better life in future.

References

Kim, Y. S., Fombonne, E., Koh, Y., Kim, S., Cheon, K., & Leventhal, B. L. (2014). A Comparison of DSM-IV Pervasive Developmental Disorder and DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence in an Epidemiologic Sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,53(5), 500-508. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.021

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Introduction

James McKeen Cattell American Psychologist is one of the most renowned psychologists who belonged to United States of America and it was due to his consistent efforts that the status of psychology in the United States advanced towards the “use of objective experimental methods, mental testing, and application of psychology to the fields of education, business, industry, and advertising” (“James McKeen Cattell”, 2013). Cattell has been successful in producing 2 professional directories and has also originated 5 scientific periodicals.

Brief Biography

Cattell was born in Easton, Pennsylvania on May 20, 1860. He was born in an educated family as his father was the head of Lafayette College (Easton). Cattell’s family gave him full support to acquire high education and therefore encouraged him to go abroad for studying and working. In 1880, he graduated from the Lafayette College and went to Germany for studying. There, he met Rudolf Hermann Lotze and Wilhelm Wundt, the two famous psychologists, at the University of Göttingen and at the University of Leipzig respectively (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2013). When he returned to the United States of America, he took admission in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore and spent two years there. Going back to Leipzig, Cattell started his career as the assistant of Wundt after which he started to carry out investigations intended for knowing about scientific neutrality/impartiality (“James McKeen Cattell”, 2013).

In 1886, Cattell was still at Leipzig and received his Ph.D. from there. Later, he went on with his research at Sir Francis Galton’s London laboratory (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2013). One of his biggest achievements is that he was awarded the professorship in psychology in 1888 which was the first one that was ever presented to anyone at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. It was at the same place that he was able to establish a laboratory of his own and prepared a number of mental measurement tests for the students who were studying at college (“James McKeen Cattell”, 2013).

Cattell then joined Columbia University in 1891 and was made the university lecturer and administrative head of psychology department there. A good number of his life years were spent there during which he improved and advanced his research on mental testing (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2013). He became the cofounder of the Psychological Review in 1894 and also got his hands on Science that was a weekly journal that Cattell edited from till 1944. He was also involved in the establishment of Popular Science Monthly in 1900. After fifteen years, the name was changed to Scientific Monthly. He was highly concerned regarding the scientific eminence and this interest directed him towards the origination, editing and publication of a professional directory known as American Men of Science. In 1917, Cattell openly criticized World War I draft and as a consequence, he had to suffer a dismissal from Columbia (“James McKeen Cattell”, 2013).

His professional life then continued a bit slowly whereby he involved himself in editing The American Naturalist and School and Society. He became the founder of the Psychological Corporation in 1921. The reason behind founding this corporation was simple as Cattell wanted to make research in applied psychology accessible to manufacturing and commercial sectors (“James McKeen Cattell”, 2013). On January 20, 1944, the great psychologist died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2013).

Contributions to Psychology

James McKeen Cattell American Psychologist is considered as the pioneer of psychology in the United States of America due to whose influence, this field of science started using objective methods of study and the application of psychological methods became practically viable in more or less every area of life.

Psychology has been strongly and everlastingly impacted by Cattell in a number of ways. To begin with, Cattell’s career started in an era during which philosophy had a strong influence on psychology and other sciences related with human behavior. The alliance with philosophy had not made it possible for psychology to thrive as a separate field and this point encouraged Cattell to do something regarding making psychology a unique subject for further research (Schultz & Schultz, 2012).

Thus, Cattell was successful in supporting the idea that it is completely possible for psychology and related sciences related to behavior, biology and society to continue thorough, purposeful, scientific research. His impulsion speeded up this progress and the world witnessed a rapid change in procedural practices in the mentioned fields of science. According to a lot of researchers and historians, it was due to the constant efforts of Cattell that the United States of America experienced a hastened development in the behavioral, social and biological sciences. He may be considered as the only person who rendered his services in an absolute honest manner and no one can reach the point he was able to reach (Bourgoin & Byers, 1998).

Cattell was also able to show the scientific approach and its inflexibility in his own work when he was doing research on reading and observation (sensitivity), psychophysics, and the differences in individuals and the reaction times of individuals to a variety of stimuli. His research findings can be examined today as well which conclude “that eyes jump during reading, that words in print are only perceived when the eyes are at a standstill, that many words can be learned and remembered more easily and accurately than most letters, and that words and phrases can be read in a small fraction of a second” (Bourgoin & Byers, 1998).

Cattell was also successful in advocating the notion that scientific findings must be made use of in practical life. His findings and related analysis concerning reading and reaction time transfigured and modernized a number of educational practices. As already mentioned, the Psychological Corporation founded by Cattell in 1921 turned out as one of the most eminent and authentic institution for tests’ development to be used in educational and industrial sectors of the United States of America (Bourgoin & Byers, 1998).

Another major contribution of James McKeen Cattell American Psychologist in the field of Psychology is that he made a lasting impression in the history of America by rendering his services to specialized organizations and the publication of journals. Cattell was among the founding members of the renowned American Psychological Association (APA) and a number of other societies established for the sake of scientific research and development (Schultz & Schultz, 2012). He also originated and published a number of scientific journals like Science, Scientific Monthly and the American Naturalist. He was also the founder and publisher of the first and succeeding versions of American Men of Science and Leaders in Education (Bourgoin & Byers, 1998).

Human Intelligence Theory

Cattell truly represented the functionalist character of American psychology though he wasn’t a functionalist himself. He had a strong impact on the movement in the direction of a realistic, test-oriented and matter-of-fact approach to the mental processes as a distinctive subject. Cattell possessed a real concern for the human abilities and this is the reason why he researched on simple mental processes including naming objects and drugs; effects on mind etc. Cattell strongly encouraged the notion that psychology can be proved as a distinctive science by first focusing on the area of intelligence (Schultz & Schultz, 2012). According to him, the mental power itself could be divided into standardized measurement units. Thus, Cattell set on to develop certain measurement tools for the measurement of intelligence and was able to construct various mental testing instruments and also introduced psychophysical tests that were fifty in number including dynamometer pressure, sensation areas, least noticeable difference in weight, bisection of a 50cm line etc (Freedheim, 2003).

If Catell was asked to present his views regarding gay marriage, he would definitely have opposed the idea as he highly regarded the importance of the institution of marriage. He was against the idea of being unmarried but he would have definitely rejected gay marriage as he gave great reverence to the relationship between a man and his wife. There has been evidence that he was against the idea of birth control and he never practiced it. It is , therefore, crystal clear that if he were here in the contemporary times, Cattell would have definitely rejected the idea of gay marriage.

Conclusion

To cut a long story short, James McKeen Cattell is, without a doubt, an exceedingly influential figure in the history of American psychology as a coordinator, manager and overseer of psychological discipline and application. James McKeen Cattell American Psychologist also proved himself to be the major vocal connection between psychological research and studies and the superior scientific society.

It is one of his greatest achievements that even after a century, the publications and journals he originated back then are still around and are used by the contemporary scientists and psychologists for reference (Schultz & Schultz, 2012).

References

Bourgoin, S. M., & Byers, P. K. (1998). James McKeen Cattell. Encyclopedia of World Biography (p. 111). Detroit: Gale. Print.

Freedheim, D. K. (2003). Handbook of Psychology (Volume 1). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Print.

Hergenhahn, B. R., & Henley, T. B. (2013).Introduction to the History of Psychology. Stamford: Wadsworth. Print.

James McKeen Cattell. (2013). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://mchoudini.montgomerycollege.edu:3259/EBchecked/topic/100070/James-McKeen-Cattell

Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2012). A History of Modern Psychology. Australia; Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Print.

 
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Introduction

Aggression can be described as that particular behavioral form that is characterized by attack (verbal or physical). It has a number of characteristics that may come into view as suitable and defensive (in some cases, even positive and helpful) particularly when there is vigorous self-assertiveness. On the other hand, aggression may also appear as improper, wrong and disparaging. Aggression is sometimes intended for others i.e. it is directed outwards. At other times, it may be directed against one’s own self and may lead to self-destructive or desperate events. It is often caused by emotional stimulation/provocation/awakening or due to frustration. People also tend to behave aggressively when they want to make a reward safe and protected (“aggression”).

According to the Austrian ethologist, Konrad Lorenz and his Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression, aggression is an inborn fighting instinct that is prominent in both animal and human behaviors. He put forwarded the argument that “the suppression of aggressive instincts, common among human societies, allows these instincts the chance to build up, occasionally to the point where they are released during instances of explosive violence” (“aggression”).

Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression

In his book, On Aggression, Lorenz has described aggression as an inherent fighting characteristic in animals and human being which is often intended to harm the members of identical species. According to Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression, this aggressive instinct helps both the individual and the species to survive and continue their existence. In case of animals, aggressive behavior helps them (the stronger males in particular) to mate and occupy territories. Thus, aggression is the essential characteristic that allows animals to use their status, terrain, or developed patterns of instinctual behavior for avoiding any tangible fighting and life losses. Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression concludes that it is the human nature only that makes them to kill each other on purpose and he has attributed this fact to the increase and expansion of artificial weapons that has outpaced the human evolution of exterminating hang-ups (“Konrad Lorenz”).

The psychological, behavioral and other similar social sciences have given another name to aggression i.e. combativeness and it is referred as the behavioral instinct in members of the same species that is directed towards causing pain or harm to others. Whereas animals are known to have an extremely aggressive nature, human beings also exhibit various forms of aggression in certain situations and these forms can vary from verbal, emotional or physical. It is extremely important to mention here that the characteristic of assertiveness is not related with aggression. As already mentioned, aggression is categorized into two types that include antagonistic, sentimental, or corrective aggression and helpful, goal-oriented or voracious aggression.

Comparison of Human and Animal Aggression

According to the empirical research, there is a psychological and physiological contradiction between the two stated aggression forms. Those who demonstrate “emotional or affective” aggression are thought of as being spontaneous, explicit and wild people with lower IQ levels. On the other hand, people demonstrating “predatory or voracious” aggression are considered as individual with goals, plans and having full control on themselves. As far as business atmosphere is concerned, it is very easy for one to find people with the mentioned aggressive personality types. It is also important to note here that violence must not be confused with aggression as there is a distinct difference among them. Aggression is, if truth be told, the starting point of violent behavior. Time and again, corrective violence and self-protective violence are not categorized as aggression due to the fact that both are initiated as responsive actions.

As far as animals are concerned, aggression helps them to reproduce and stay alive. Most of the times, aggression is used by animals for acquiring and protecting their territories and other obtained resources that may include water and food. They also make use of aggression to get most out of mating opportunities. The most obvious example of aggression can be observed when a predator and its prey interact. An animal becomes aggressive when it defends itself against a killer animal. This aggressive instinct helps it to continue living and making sure that the offspring are protected as well. For the reason that death ultimately occurs after the show of aggression against a much larger rival or grouping of rivals, there is a good sense in animals that help them to know whether they are outnumbered or not. Another situation when aggression reaches its peak in animals is when they try to have sex with the female partner. Thus, animals make use of aggression during sexual intercourse and this innate characteristic helps them to have offspring (Archer, 115).

On the other hand, the aggression in human beings is very different when compared with the non-human animals; though they have similarities too. The complexity of human aggression differs because of the presence of cultural values, morality and societal conditions. When business environment is considered, aggression again takes a lot of forms. However, this feature in a human being helps him/her to achieve success as it is derived by strong passion for achieving a goal or goals. The competition cannot be won without having any aggression. Successful endeavors are always fuelled by aggression that is both collected and controlled. This is because uncontrolled and uncollected aggression disturbs the balance and results in negative consequences for both the individual and the others around him/her in one or other ways.

Aggression in Business Environment

Aggression is easily channeled out when the economy is financially complicated. In such a case, aggression is used as a substantially constructive tool for the betterment and success of the economic conditions of the business/country. The best thing about this outlet for aggression is that it does not cause any danger to human life and does not end in life loss of any party involved.   The aggressive tendencies of human beings vary according to their social environment. Similarly, human beings tend to show different kinds of aggressive behaviors in a business environment. As concluded by Lorenz, a majority of animals have evolved in such a manner that they hold back from attacking or causing harm to the members of their own species. This is because they develop a sense of belonging and thus restrain from destroying their own species unnecessarily. This type of evolved inhibition has an influential impact but is largely dependent on the surroundings. On the other hand, if proper conditions are not present in the environment, such inhibitions do not work and fail to function in a normal manner. Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression gives the examples of doves to make this phenomenon understandable. According to him, “even though doves are to us the symbol of peace, if one cages two of them close together, putting them in an artificial environment where they cannot separate from each other, the stronger of the two will torture the other to death, without the arousal of any inhibition” (Shiller 226).

As far as an individual’s career is concerned, aggression that is directed outwards may prove to be the best friend of him/her. It doesn’t matter whether the aggression is passive or direct. The thing that is important in a business environment is that the recipient is able to receive the relayed message. When there is a negotiation process, this phenomenon is excessively beneficial. However, it is extremely significant for the human beings to make use of aggression in a calm and controlled manner and not to get so emotional to make the situation negative and complicated. In other words, emotions must not be allowed to take the driving seat in the resolution of any conflict/difficult situation, especially when it is a situation at ones’ workplace (Linsley 3).

Human beings have various ways to direct aggression towards their rivals. They can either shy their enemies away or have them get even in panic. Aggression either makes a person frightened or makes him/her excessively hostile to the point where he/she blunders and makes mistakes. When people show aggression towards another people in business dealings, the aggression makes it easy for them to observe how their opponents react in a pressurizing situation. This insight makes it helpful for people to use the obtained knowledge to their advantage. Opponents with no backbone turn out too scary to compete when the person showing aggression presses harder. When opponents have hotheads, they tend to make poor decision as a reaction to more pressure. On the other head, if the opponents have a cool attitude and don’t allow pressure to boil them up, the aggressive individual still is benefitted by knowing about their intentions and becomes more careful (Linsley 3).

Gender is another factor that makes a person aggressive. According to the studies, men are more aggressive than women in workplace. They are involved in workplace bullying, emotional abuse, incivility, deviance and horizontal violence (Jacobson 30). This is similar to what can be found in a non-human environment. As already mentioned, male animals use their aggressive behavior to subjugate the females in order to take advantage of the situation.

It is also important to note that there are a number of factors that increases the chances of potential aggressive behavior in a business environment. There are particular jobs in this contemporary world of ours that have specific characteristics due to which aggression levels at workplace elevate. Such jobs consist of “physical and/or emotional care of others, interacting with the public, working at night, working alone, handling money, serving or selling alcohol, disciplining others, going into clients’ homes, and handling weapons” (Jacobson 37) etc.

Conclusion

It is really saddening that character disturbance has turned out to be a prevailing characteristic in both employers and employees in the current business environments. There are a good number of people who don’t have the sense to feel any guilt or shame and keep on making the lives of their colleagues a mess by showing unnecessary aggression. It is not an untold secret that the contemporary business environments and the high competition today have made workplace rather insecure. This has increased the probability of encountering people with toxic aggressive natures that becomes very problematic for people who work with them.

To cut a long story short, Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression was correct, in his perception that the social environments make animals and human being different. However, it is also correct that some people also become animal-like while dealing with others just to get their ways. It is extremely necessary for people to understand the value of other people’s emotions and dignity. In short, aggression is something that is not always necessary. However, it is necessary when it is used to gain a positive result from something without causing any actual physical/emotional damage to others.

References

“aggression.” Questia. N.p., 2013. Web. 9 Nov. 2013. <http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-aggressi/aggression>.

Archer, J. The Behavioural Biology of Aggression. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Print.

Jacobson, V. L. Workplace Aggression: Employee Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behaviors in Aggressive Work Climates. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest, 2007. Print.

“Konrad Lorenz.” World of Scientific Discovery. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 9 Nov. 2013. <http://mchoudini.montgomerycollege.edu:3186/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&u=rock77357&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CK1648000434>.

Linsley, P. Violence and Aggression in the Workplace: A Practical Guide for All Healthcare Staff. Oxford, Seattle: Radcliffe Publishing, 2006. Print.

Shiller, R. J. Finance and the Good Society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012. Print.

 
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There are a number of ways by which people are affected tremendously by population density and noise. When people disregard other people’s privacy, personal space and territory with long-lasting noise, it may have an effect in a variety of ways ranging from mere frustration to harsh interfering depression-causing infirmities (Straub, 2007). With the increase in population, personal space, privacy and territorial confidentiality of people are encroached. This may require demand recognition of housings for the prevention of the psychosomatic consequences of population mass. Such circumstances also necessitate the prevention of hostility, fretfulness, and annoyance. In order to understand the effects of population mass and noise on the individual, it is exceedingly important to first understand the three concepts of personal space, privacy and territoriality, privacy, and personal space.

Privacy, Personal Space and Territoriality

As far as the notion of privacy is concerned, it is a right of every individual. According to Columbia Encyclopedia, the right of privacy is “the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals” (“privacy, right of,” 2013). Privacy includes various things. It includes having power over facts about oneself and controlling one’s interactions and communication with other people (Hutchinson & Kowalski, 1999). In today’s contemporary world, the introduction and usage of new technologies have raised concerns regarding the management and organization of information about other people.

When personal space is discussed, it simply means an unwritten and noncontact medium of communication that is held, preserved and updated by every person who reacts in case of the violation of this space by other person. It can be said that in order to maintain one’s privacy, a person uses personal space and territoriality as two significant methods.

According to various researches of neuroscience, it is the human brain that principally creates and mediates the personal space. While circumstances cause shifts in boundaries, personal space is of immense importance and consequence to everyone (Kennedy, Gläscher, Tyszka, & Adolphs, 2009).

Third Concept

The third concept that needs to be understood is that of territoriality which means the “actions or behaviors that often emanate from psychological ownership for the purposes of constructing, communicating, maintaining, and restoring one’s attachment to an object” (Brown, Lawrence & Robinson, 2005). It includes strong precautionary and imprudent behaviors for a short term covering observations and opinions, employment and protection of places, community, things, and thoughts. Territoriality is equipped to gratify certain major and minor situations important for people and society.

Particular behaviors of people help them in keeping space. Such specific behaviors in human beings make them strong enough to use their capacities for attacking and displaying violence and maintaining other characteristic reactions when their personal space and privacy is disturbed. According to recent researches in this area, scientists have given great emphasis on the presence of natural variables that play a major part in the determination of territorialism. It is important to mention here that with the limitation of the availability of critical resources, personal space and belongings are guarded by people with more heartiness and dynamism.

Concept of Privacy and Personal Space

Thus, the concepts of privacy, personal space and territoriality have turned out as increasingly important factors with the density of populations with the passage of time. Population density makes people to feel limited and restricted as necessities of life are not available in abundance. Population masses serve as a major factor in the development of aggressive behaviors, social abandonment, greater incidents of criminality and improper social dealings.

Therefore, if the symptoms of crowding are to be decreased, it is exceedingly important to take necessary steps for the preservation of privacy and personal space. Not only this, it is also the need to recognize and respect territoriality as an essential collective need of the Homo sapiens. With the decrease of physical space, more acknowledgment shall be given to privacy and personal space so that the psychological effects can be prevented. This is because the absence of privacy and personal space makes people less powerful, more competitive and negative even in tolerable circumstances. In case of the availability of ample space, it has been observed that people feel stronger and have power over their surroundings making them anxiety-free and relaxed.

Impact on Natural Environment

People who live in urban areas are affected by natural environment in several ways. When natural settings managed by human beings are considered, parks, green areas and zoos prop up in mind instantly. These managed settings are a great source for creating support and collective environment for people so that they may interact with the natural world. This kind of interaction not only makes contact with the natural surroundings possible but also it provides a basis for the environmental identity to foster. This is extremely advantageous as environmental identity is almost always gets withdrawn in metropolitan areas.

The existence of parks and zoos in the urban living settings are a motivational factor for people inspiring them to participate in the management and preservation of nature. People are influenced by the natural environment as a consequence for the reason that the natural settings result in the reduction of diseases, health promotion, community health support and minimization of criminal activities. These theories are consistently proved by the modern-day evidence. Parks in urban settings play a major role in the maximization of physical commotions and people have minimal health issues. It is also a verified fact that people whose places are near greener areas had lesser death rates. In addition, green space reduces the noise stress in cosmopolitan areas. Greener localities affect the behavioral patterns of people as well by endorsing fewer levels of aggression and violence due to close communication among people. Not only this, such green setting also result in excellent academic achievements and more positive public relations bringing the community members closer to each other.

Noise Effect and its treatment

Individuals are also affected by noise in a number of negative ways. According to the research done in health psychology, it has been revealed that recurrent noisy settings affect the health of people in a damaging manner. This is because noise makes people stressed. Cardiovascular diseases also develop and learning abilities are also hampered due to noise as people are distracted with continuous clamor and clatter in their surroundings.

Noise especially affects children and effects them by disrupting their maladaptive skills by which they are able to block particular stimuli. This results in various problems as children are not capable of completely understanding how they should respond to specific stimuli. Thus, noise makes it impossible for children to identify the stimuli that may help them in learning experience. By blocking noise, it also becomes impossible for children to develop their verbal skills as blockage may also block verbal elements. Loud noises can also disturb the short-term memory and the ability to carry out simple tasks is also reduced. Every person has a different ability to assess and judge noise. It is also important to note here that stress is not directly caused by noise. However, noise has severe effects on the sleeping patterns of people and is also responsible for provoking anxiety.

It is a good thing, that by composing various strategies, noise can be reduced. Noise can be mediated through placement of fabric. The noises that come from outside the house and cannot be controlled. This can be reduced by the fixing of extra fabrics on windows. It can also be installed on walls and other furnished materials. Glass allows noise to travel inside so it is better to cover windows with fabric layers. Noise can also be reduced through auditory masking. Cheap sound masking machines can be bought and installed easily.

Mental Health Issues

Noise pollution is a hot issue in the contemporary world especially in the urban areas as it has imposed significant threats for the mental and physical health of human beings. This is the reason why it is necessary to combat against it at various levels. Firstly, it is the responsibility of the administrative authorities to reduce noise by employing legislative measures against noise pollution. Secondly, employment of active measures is also indispensable for reducing the number of sources that generate noise or by reducing the intensity of the generated noise. Last but not the least, passive measures are also essential for the attenuation of noise by reducing the level of noise intensity on its way of propagation to receptor.

Conclusion

To cut a long story short, population density, noise and space are various environmental factors by which people are affected easily. However, if people are well-prepared to fight against the negative effects of the mentioned environmental elements, the stress in life can be minimized. It is a great thing that there have been consistent progressions in the cause of combating with noise pollution. The public awareness has been tremendous as people are acquainted with the various biological and psychological harms of noise. Ordinances are being passed in more and more cities and their enforcement is made certain. It is exceedingly important as the society can only advance if honest and determined actions are guaranteed to make a difference. It is not an untold secret that the power of people can surely initiate an environment where health and fitness of people may nurture.

References

Brown, G., Lawrence, T. B., & Robinson, S. L. (2005). Territoriality in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30(3), 577-594.

Clayton, S. & Myers, G. (2009). Conservation Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Hutchison, E. D., & Kowalski, S. (1999). Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Kennedy, D. P., Gläscher, J., Tyszka, J. M., & Adolphs, R. (2009). Personal Space Regulation by the Human Amygdala. Nature Neuroscience, 12(10), 1226-1227. doi: 10.1038/nn.2381

privacy, right of from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (2013). Questia. Retrieved August 25, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-privacy/privacy-right-of

Straub, R. O. (2007). Health Psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth.

 
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